什么叫独立主格？独立主格的特点和用法

独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。

独立主格结构不是主谓完整的简单句，而只是一个短语。

什么叫独立主格?

独立主格结构 (nominative absolute)是一种特定的英语句式，由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词 (现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式) 或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。即：

名词/代词 + 现在分词

名词/代词 + 过去分词

名词/代词 + 动词不定式

名词/代词 + (being) 形容词、副词、名词或介词短语

(逻辑主语) + (逻辑谓语)

独立主格结构可以说是英语学习中的一个难点，因为它在意义上可以独立成句，却与另一个句子组成句子，不用连词。那么，让我们来看看独立主格结构是如何形成的。

独立主格结构的特点：

1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2、名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、不定式、介词等是主谓关系。

3、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。

独立主格的用法

独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词(作为逻辑主格)，加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语。其作用相当于状语，多用来表示行为、方式或伴随的情况，有时也用来表示时间和条件。这种结构多用在书面语中。

一、几种常见的独立主格结构形式

1.名词(或代词)+现在分词(或过去分词)。如：

1)The moon appearing,they decided to go on with theirjouney.

2)Good-bye said,he went home.

2.名词(或代词)+形容词。如：

3)The weather(being)hot,we all went swimming.

3.名词(或代词)+不定式。如：

4)Some of the money to be paid by the thief, the policewent.

4.名词(或代词)+介词短语。如：

5)He climbed in,sword in hand.

5.名词(或代词)+副词。如：

6)The meeting(being)over, we left the room.

独立主格结构的模式是:

主格名词/代词 + 分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

(作逻辑主语) (作逻辑谓语)

1. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.

2. The question settled, we went home.

3. The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.

主格名词/代词 + 分词 (过去分词/现在分词)

主格名词/代词 + 形容词

1. His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.

2. Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress.

主格名词/代词 + 副词

The meeting being over, our headmaster soon left

the meeting-room.

We to care for the children, you are able to be carefree

away from home.

主格名词/代词 + 不定式

主格名词/代词 +介词短语

Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

with复合结构 与 独立主格结构

它们都可以在句中作原因状语,伴随状况状语,条件状语,时间状语或结果状语用,一般也可以相互转换.虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同,但其结构形式和名称却不相同.

with复合结构的模式是:

with+名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

独立主格结构的模式是:

主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

一,作时间状语

1,With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and

some birds fly south.

=Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some

birds fly south.

二,作原因状语

1,With the weather terribly cold, we entered the

room to warm ourselves.

= The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.

2,With the key having been lost, she could not

enter the room.

= The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.

三,作条件状语

1,With time permitting, we'll visit the summer Palace.

= Time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.

2,With the car going wrong, we'll have to stop

at the foot of the mountain.

= The car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot

of the mountain.

四,作伴随状语

1,The mother was cleaning the house with her baby

playing on the bed.

=The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing

on the bed.

2,Last night I followed him, with a sword in my hand.

= Last night I followed him , sword in hand.

无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语.如下例中的was就必须去掉:

He sat at the desk reading

with a pen was in his right hand.

with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词,而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词.

Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and

flowers in blossom.

= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green

and whose flowers were in blossom.